Uterus and fallopian tubes: the endocannabinoid system
Lining, muscle layer and tubes.
Lining, muscle layer and tubes. Where the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 sit in this region, what they do there, and what is actually known about CBD; at three levels for Everyone, Students and Experts, with sources.
Reproductive organsCB1 moderate · CB2 very low (Human Protein Atlas)Last updated:
What's on this page?
Interactive 3D · real anatomy and real data
Where in your body are the cannabinoid receptors?
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Regions
How to read it Choose a region, or tap a glowing point on the map.
- Solid light is the CB1 receptor, a ring is CB2. Each region has its own color; the color only tells regions apart.
- The strength of the light is the receptor gene level measured in human tissue (Human Protein Atlas). That is why the liver’s point is dim: a healthy liver has few receptors.
- With the layer selector above you can also see other receptors, the enzymes that make and break down endocannabinoids, and the liver enzymes that break down CBD and THC.
- Every piece of information shows its source and the type of evidence (human, animal, cell). You can change the reading level above.
- Drag to rotate. Use the + and − buttons to zoom; on a computer, Ctrl or ⌘ with the scroll wheel, on a phone, two fingers.
Endometrium: RNA level of the receptor gene in human tissue (tissue consensus data). CB1 is moderate in the uterine lining, and CB2 RNA is very low; in the fallopian tube, CB1 is 5.4 nTPM. The muscle layer is not a separate tissue in HPA. Human Protein AtlasHuman tissue
| Receptor | Gene | RNA (nTPM) | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| CB1 | CNR1 | 5.6 | moderate |
| CB2 | CNR2 | 0.1 | very low |
What does it do there?
In the lining of the uterus, RNA for CB1 is measured at a moderate level and for CB2 at a very low level; CB1 is also moderate in the fallopian tube. The uterus has two main layers: the lining (endometrium), which matures again in every menstrual cycle, and the muscle layer that surrounds it (myometrium). In human uterine samples taken at different phases of the cycle, CB1 and CB2 receptors were widely spread through the tissue. In the lining they were found mostly in gland cells, and in the muscle layer in muscle cells; the most marked staining was in the muscle cells of blood vessel walls. The muscle layer has been shown to be able to make endocannabinoids, respond to them and break them down. A more recent study, however, measured CB1 at a very low level in lining cells; findings on the amount of CB1 in the lining do not agree. According to a review, the most studied endocannabinoid in the uterus is anandamide; studies on CB2 and on the other main endocannabinoid, 2-AG, are few. Human Protein AtlasHuman tissueTanaka 2022Human tissueTaylor 2010Human tissueBrighton 2011Human tissueCell / labBrighton 2009Cell / labTanaka 2025Human tissueMaia 2020Review
In the lining of the uterus, the amounts of the enzymes that make and break down anandamide and 2-AG change through the menstrual cycle. In lining samples from 49 women with regular periods, some of these enzymes increased in certain cell layers during the secretory phase in the second half of the cycle. The authors think that the breakdown enzymes being highest in this phase may reduce endocannabinoid action in the tissue. In a study that read all genes, the levels of 29 of 70 system-related genes changed significantly through the cycle. Results for CB1 differ: in one study, CB1 was independent of cycle phase; in two studies, however, it was highest in the secretory phase, when the hormone progesterone dominates. In the laboratory, progesterone increased CB1 in the supporting cells of the lining. In mice, stimulating CB1 reduced spontaneous contractions of the uterine muscle; stimulating CB2 was less effective. Scotchie 2015Human tissueTanaka 2022Human tissueTaylor 2010Human tissueResuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labShen 2019aHuman tissuePagano 2017Animal
Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue like the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. In lining samples from women with endometriosis, CB1 was very low regardless of the phase of the cycle. In another study, anandamide and 2-AG in the blood of these women were higher in the secretory phase, while CB1 in the supporting cells of the lining was lower. The most recent study found no difference between patients and healthy women in the surface cells of the lining. In adenomyosis, a common benign disease of the uterus, both receptors were low in the lining and high in the muscle layer. The CB1 level in the inner part of the muscle layer rose with the severity of menstrual pain. In uterine fibroids, the enzyme that breaks down anandamide (FAAH) and the ratio of CB1 to CB2 were found to be low. These are tissue and blood measurements; on their own they do not show cause and effect. Dmitrieva 2010AnimalResuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labSanchez 2016Human tissueTanaka 2025Human tissueShen 2019aHuman tissueShen 2019bHuman tissueAyakannu 2019Human tissue
The fallopian tubes also have an endocannabinoid system. In 18 tube samples taken on set days of the cycle from women having surgery for a benign reason, CB1 was shown in three places: the muscle layer of the tube wall, the blood vessels and the cells lining the inside of the tube. RNA for CB1 was higher in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase) than in the first half. In the tubes of women with regular periods, both receptors and the enzymes that make and break down anandamide were found in the lining cells. Anandamide was measured in tubal fluid taken in the middle of the cycle. In mice, silencing CB1 genetically or with a drug disrupted the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the tube muscle, and embryos piled up in the tube. Data on the human tube are scarce, and most come from the comparison groups of ectopic pregnancy research. Horne 2008Human tissueHuman · genetic studyGebeh 2012Human tissueSchuel 2002Human tissueReviewWang 2004Animal
Student level: terms and cell types
In HPA tissue data, the uterine lining (endometrium) shows CNR1 at 5.6 and CNR2 at 0.1, and the fallopian tube CNR1 at 5.4 and CNR2 at 0 nTPM. In menstrual cycle biopsies, immunohistochemistry showed CB1 and CB2 widely in uterine tissue. Smooth muscle cells stained in the myometrium and endometrium, and vascular smooth muscle stained more strongly. In the endometrium, both receptors were largely in the glandular epithelium and were unrelated to cycle phase. Another group found NAPE-PLD, FAAH and CB1 in primary human myometrium; it did not find CB2 or TRPV1. This conflicts with the myometrial CB2 staining in Taylor 2010. In the myometrium, anandamide suppressed adenylate cyclase through CB1 in a Gαi/o-dependent way, lowered cAMP and activated ERK. With continuous stimulation, the CB1 response declined; a key role of arrestin3 in this desensitization was shown. In a human myometrial smooth muscle cell line (ULTR), too, the ERK pathway was shown pharmacologically to work through the cell's own CB1. In separated endometrial epithelial and stromal cells (RNA sequencing and automated immunofluorescence analysis), CB1 RNA and protein were very low, with no difference between the two cell types. FAAH RNA was significantly higher in the epithelium than in the stroma; NAPE-PLD, FAAH and NAAA proteins were stronger in the epithelium. According to a review, AEA is the most studied endocannabinoid; data on CB2 signaling and on 2-AG and its enzymes are scarce. Human Protein AtlasHuman tissueTanaka 2022Human tissueTaylor 2010Human tissueBrighton 2011Human tissueCell / labBrighton 2009Cell / labTanaka 2025Human tissueMaia 2020Review
Immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR were performed in 49 normal women with regular cycles. At the mRNA level, the only gene with significant cycle-dependent change was COX2 (highest in the proliferative phase). In the secretory phase, NAPE-PLD protein increased in the luminal, stromal and glandular compartments, FAAH in the glandular and luminal epithelium, and MAGL in the glandular epithelium; COX2 increased in the luminal epithelium in the early secretory phase. According to the authors, the breakdown and oxidation enzymes being highest in the secretory phase may contribute to a fall in endocannabinoid tone during the implantation period. In Taylor 2010, FAAH was highest in the glands in the mid-proliferative phase and in the stroma in the mid-secretory phase; NAPE-PLD was reduced in the glandular epithelium in the secretory phase and unchanged in the stroma. In endometrial RNA sequencing, 40 of 70 preselected ECS genes were detected in more than 90% of samples, and 29 differed significantly through the cycle. Synthesis enzymes followed four distinct patterns, and breakdown and transport enzymes a separate pattern. For CB1: independent of phase in Taylor 2010; in Resuehr 2012, mRNA and protein highest in the secretory phase in control samples; in Shen 2019a, CB1 and CB2 (protein and mRNA) increased in the secretory phase in normal endometrium. In stromal cells from control donors, progesterone increased CB1 mRNA; TCDD or the progesterone receptor antagonist onapristone blocked this increase. In mice, AEA and 2-AG in uterine tissue were lower in estrus than in diestrus. In diestrus uteri, prostaglandin-dependent spontaneous contractions were reduced by the CB1 agonist ACEA and, to a lesser extent, by the CB2 agonist JWH133; selective antagonists abolished this effect. The FAAH inhibitor JNJ1661010 and, to a lesser extent, the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 also reduced spontaneous contractions. Scotchie 2015Human tissueTanaka 2022Human tissueTaylor 2010Human tissueResuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labShen 2019aHuman tissuePagano 2017Animal
In the endometrium of women with endometriosis, CB1 mRNA and protein were minimal regardless of cycle phase. In 27 women with laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis and 29 women without endometrial pathology, plasma AEA, 2-AG and OEA were higher than in controls in the secretory phase. In secretory-phase stromal cells, CB1 was higher in controls; CB2, TRPV1, NAPE-PLD and FAAH were similar in the two groups. AEA was higher in those with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea, and PEA in those with moderate to severe dyspareunia. The authors explain the rise of endocannabinoids in the blood and the fall of CB1 in the tissue by a negative feedback loop. In separated epithelial cells, no genes differed significantly between cases and controls. In 45 premenopausal women with adenomyosis and 34 without, CB1 and CB2 (protein and mRNA) in eutopic and ectopic endometrium were significantly lower than in normal endometrium in both phases; in ectopic tissue they were also lower than in eutopic tissue, and CB1 had lost its cyclic variation. In the junctional zone (JZ) and outer myometrium of the same number of women, on the other hand, both receptors were significantly higher than in controls; CB1 in the JZ was positively related to dysmenorrhea severity. In a comparison of leiomyoma, adjacent myometrium and normal myometrium, FAAH was significantly lower in fibroids; in premenopausal tissue, the NAPE-PLD:FAAH ratio pointed toward higher AEA; the CB1:CB2 ratio was low; PEA was low, especially in postmenopausal women. Dmitrieva 2010AnimalResuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labSanchez 2016Human tissueTanaka 2025Human tissueShen 2019aHuman tissueShen 2019bHuman tissueAyakannu 2019Human tissue
RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed on 18 timed tubal biopsies from women undergoing gynecological procedures for benign reasons. In the normal tube, CB1 mRNA was higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase; CB1 protein was found in the smooth muscle of the wall and blood vessels and in the luminal epithelium. According to the authors, this temporal change is most likely regulated by progesterone. In another study, CB1, CB2 and endocannabinoid-regulating enzymes were shown in the tubal epithelium. HPLC/MS detected AEA, PEA and OEA in mid-cycle oviductal fluid. In mice, genetic or pharmacological silencing of CB1 caused many embryos to be retained in the oviduct; the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol corrected this. In wild-type mice, methanandamide also disrupted embryo transport. CB1 and β2-adrenergic receptors were in the same place in the oviduct muscle layer; according to the authors, a basal endocannabinoid tone regulates oviduct motility together with adrenergic receptors. Horne 2008Human tissueHuman · genetic studyGebeh 2012Human tissueSchuel 2002Human tissueReviewWang 2004Animal
Expert level: method notes and numbers
Endometrium: RNA level of the receptor gene in human tissue (tissue consensus data). CB1 is moderate in the uterine lining, and CB2 RNA is very low; in the fallopian tube, CB1 is 5.4 nTPM. The muscle layer is not a separate tissue in HPA. Human Protein AtlasHuman tissue
Method note
Location and cell type. Taylor 2010: immunohistochemistry on cycle biopsies; sample size not in the abstract. Brighton 2011: qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunoblot and radioligand binding in primary myometrium; number of donors and pregnancy status not in the abstract. During the experiment, free anandamide fell from 2.5 µM to 500 nM after 30 minutes; but the same loss of response was seen with metabolically stable methanandamide, so the loss was not due to a fall in ligand. Brighton 2009: in the ULTR cell line, total CB receptors 76 ± 24 fmol/mg protein, with a negligible share of CB2; AEA increased ERK 2.5–3.5-fold; TRPV1 stimulation with capsaicin did not activate ERK. Tanaka 2025: RNA sequencing of 70 ECS genes in separated epithelial and stromal cells; 45 genes were at sufficient levels, 17 (38%) differed between the two cell types, and 11 were regulated through the cycle. **Conflicts:** CB2 in the myometrium (present in Taylor 2010; absent or negligible in Brighton 2009 and 2011); CB1 in the endometrium (Taylor 2010, Resuehr 2012 and Shen 2019a found it measurable; Tanaka 2025 measured it as very low). The abstracts do not discuss the methodological differences (antibody staining, RNA sequencing, cell separation). Taylor 2010Human tissueBrighton 2011Human tissueCell / labBrighton 2009Cell / labTanaka 2025Human tissue
Menstrual cycle. Scotchie 2015: 49 normal women with regular cycles. COX2 mRNA P = 0.002. In the secretory phase, NAPE-PLD luminal P = 0.001, stromal P = 0.007, glandular P = 0.04; FAAH glandular P = 0.009, luminal P = 0.01; MAGL glandular P = 0.03; COX2 luminal in the early secretory phase P < 0.0001. Tanaka 2022: genome-wide RNA sequencing in endometrial tissue, 70 preselected genes, moderated t test and Bonferroni correction. Resuehr 2012: laboratory study, voluntary biopsies from women with and without endometriosis; sample size not in the abstract. Shen 2019a: the secretory-phase increase was in the 34-person control group of the adenomyosis study. Pagano 2017: ICR mice; LC-MS, qRT-PCR, western blot and contraction measurement in the isolated uterus. In estrus-phase uteri, ACEA and JWH133 did not affect contractions induced by exogenous PGE2. Scotchie 2015Human tissueTanaka 2022Human tissueResuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labShen 2019aHuman tissuePagano 2017Animal
Tissue findings in disease. Sanchez 2016: 27 endometriosis, 29 controls; plasma measurement and mRNA in stromal cells. Tanaka 2025: numbers of cases and controls not in the abstract. Shen 2019a (endometrium; immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR) and Shen 2019b (junctional zone and outer myometrium; western blot, qRT-PCR): both with 45 women with adenomyosis and 34 controls; the abstracts do not say whether it was the same group. Ayakannu 2019: NAE measurement in 37 samples, RT-PCR in 28 samples. In endometriosis, the drop in CB1 in eutopic endometrium goes in the same direction in two studies (Resuehr 2012, Sanchez 2016); Tanaka 2025 found no difference in epithelial cells, while Sanchez's difference was in stromal cells. Resuehr 2012Human tissueCell / labSanchez 2016Human tissueTanaka 2025Human tissueShen 2019aHuman tissueShen 2019bHuman tissueAyakannu 2019Human tissue
Tubes. Horne 2008: 18 timed tubal biopsies (benign reasons). In addition, endometrium and blood were taken from women having surgery for ectopic pregnancy (11), miscarriage (6) and termination of pregnancy (8); in ectopic pregnancy, tubal CB1 mRNA was low. Gebeh 2012: tubes from women with ectopic pregnancy and from non-pregnant women with regular cycles; UHPLC-MS/MS, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and immunoblot. In ectopic pregnancy, AEA in the tube was high (not OEA or PEA), and CB1 and FAAH were low. Endocannabinoid levels did not differ significantly from the narrow part of the tube (isthmus) to the wide part (ampulla); the abstract does not specify which group this refers to. Sample size not in the abstract. Moudi 2021: 100 ectopic pregnancies and 100 controls (hysterectomy or tubal ligation); CB1 was **higher** in ectopic pregnancy on immunohistochemistry (p = 0.016) and qRT-PCR (p < 0.001), that is, in the opposite direction to Horne 2008 and Gebeh 2012. Schuel 2002: HPLC/MS; number of samples not in the abstract; the publication type is both original measurement and review. Wang 2004: mouse; the journal has published a correction notice. Horne 2008Human tissueHuman · genetic studyGebeh 2012Human tissueMoudi 2021Human tissueHuman · genetic studySchuel 2002Human tissueReviewWang 2004Animal
The female organs were taken from another individual (HuBMAP Human Reference Atlas, Visible Human female data) and fitted to scale into the pelvis of this model; their position is approximate. The ovaries are also shown but are not a separate region. The outer outline stays sex-neutral.
What is known about CBD?
There is no study in humans measuring what CBD does in uterine or tubal tissue; there are no animal or cell studies on the tubes either. In the laboratory, in the supporting (stromal) cells of the human uterine lining, CBD blocked the differentiation of these cells (decidualization). It prevented the rise in the aromatase gene and in estradiol normally seen in differentiating cells; it also had an aromatase-suppressing effect. Aromatase is the enzyme that enables estrogen production. In the same experiment, THC did not block this differentiation. In a human cell line experiment from another laboratory, THC, CBD and cannabinol all blocked this differentiation. In a cell line derived from lining supporting cells, CBD increased the reading of the estrogen receptor gene and the activity of the receptor, changed markers related to cell aging and increased RNA for the enzyme that makes anandamide (NAPE-PLD). These are cell experiments; they cannot be generalized to the human body. Almada 2020Cell / labNeradugomma 2019Cell / labAlves 2025Cell / labKadhim 2025Cell / lab
Pregnancy and breastfeeding · Evidence map
Which receptor and enzyme genes are read in this region?
Values in this region for the genes in the map's layer selector: besides CB1 and CB2, the other targets of cannabinoids, the enzymes that make and break down endocannabinoids, and the liver enzymes that break down CBD and THC.
| Gene | What does it do? | Endometrium | Fallopian tube | Tissue where it is read the most |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptors | ||||
| CB1 CNR1 | Cannabinoid receptor | 5.6 | 5.4 | cerebral cortex (18.6) |
| CB2 CNR2 | Cannabinoid receptor | 0.1 | 0.0 | spleen (8.4) |
| TRPV1 | Heat and chili pepper sensor · ion channel | 4.4 | 6.1 | liver (21.8) |
| GPR55 | Long an "orphan" receptor · in the cell membrane | 0.0 | 0.1 | testis (4.4) |
| PPARγ PPARG | Gene switch · in the cell nucleus | 6.9 | 7.1 | adipose tissue (153.2) |
| 5-HT1A HTR1A | Serotonin receptor · in the cell membrane | 0.0 | 0.0 | hippocampal formation (6.1) |
| TRPV2 | Relative of TRPV1 · ion channel | 7.0 | 6.6 | lung (29.5) |
| Endocannabinoid enzymes | ||||
| NAPE-PLD NAPEPLD | Makes anandamide | 3.4 | 5.0 | kidney (13.9) |
| FAAH | Breaks down anandamide | 3.7 | 11.3 | testis (46.0) |
| DAGLα DAGLA | Makes 2-AG | 1.8 | 1.8 | cerebral cortex (12.3) |
| DAGLβ DAGLB | Makes 2-AG | 5.7 | 5.7 | adrenal gland (15.2) |
| MGL MGLL | Breaks down 2-AG | 16.7 | 29.4 | adipose tissue (161.3) |
| ABHD6 | Breaks down 2-AG | 6.6 | 8.6 | liver (60.7) |
| ABHD12 | Breaks down 2-AG | 28.5 | 25.0 | epididymis (125.2) |
| Enzymes that break down CBD and THC | ||||
| CYP3A4 | Breaks down CBD and THC | 0.6 | 0.0 | liver (3,367.1) |
| CYP2C19 | Breaks down CBD | 0.0 | 0.0 | liver (178.0) |
| CYP2C9 | Breaks down THC | 0.0 | 0.0 | liver (1,607.6) |
RNA level shows how much the gene is read in this tissue; it does not directly show the amount of protein or how active an enzyme is. This region corresponds to two HPA tissues; the light on the map shows the higher of the two. Human Protein Atlas (layers)Human tissue
Identifiers and citation
- Uterus
- Uterus · MeSH D014599 · UBERON 0000995 · Wikidata Q9612
- Fallopian Tubes
- Fallopian Tubes · MeSH D005187 · UBERON 0003889 · Wikidata Q1233836
- Receptors
- CB1 (CNR1, UniProt P21554) · CB2 (CNR2, UniProt P34972)
How to cite: cbd.school editorial team. Uterus and fallopian tubes: the endocannabinoid system. Endocannabinoid system 3D map, cbd.school. Last updated October 24, 2026. https://cbd.school/learn/endocannabinoid-system-map/rahim/
The body model is derived from BodyParts3D (DBCLS, CC BY 4.0) and Z-Anatomy (CC BY-SA 4.0); receptor levels from Human Protein Atlas v25 (CC BY 4.0). The map, text and downloaded images are CC BY-SA 4.0. An independent expert review has not been done yet. All licenses
Other pages of the map
Overview: what the endocannabinoid system is, the feedback brake at the synapse, CBD's targets, lesson mode, data and licenses.
Sources
Show 25 references
- Human Protein Atlas v25: tissue RNA consensus data (rna_tissue_consensus.tsv, HPA and GTEx, nTPM) and brain region data (rna_brain_region_hpa.tsv, nTPM), CNR1 (ENSG00000118432) and CNR2 (ENSG00000188822); v25.proteinatlas.org, file date November 6, 2025, downloaded October 24, 2026. Uhlén M et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419. License CC BY 4.0. PMID 25613900 · doi:10.1126/science.1260419 Human tissue
- Tanaka K, Amoako AA, Mortlock S et al. Gene expression of the endocannabinoid system in endometrium through menstrual cycle. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9400. PMID 35672435 · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13488-4 Human tissue
- Taylor AH, Abbas MS, Habiba MA, Konje JC. Histomorphometric evaluation of cannabinoid receptor and anandamide modulating enzyme expression in the human endometrium through the menstrual cycle. Histochem Cell Biol. 2010;133(5):557-65. PMID 20369362 · doi:10.1007/s00418-010-0695-9 Human tissue
- Brighton PJ, Marczylo TH, Rana S et al. Characterization of the endocannabinoid system, CB(1) receptor signalling and desensitization in human myometrium. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;164(5):1479-94. PMID 21486283 · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01425.x Human tissueCell / lab
- Brighton PJ, McDonald J, Taylor AH et al. Characterization of anandamide-stimulated cannabinoid receptor signaling in human ULTR myometrial smooth muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23(9):1415-27. PMID 19477951 · doi:10.1210/me.2009-0097 Cell / lab
- Tanaka K, Subramaniam S, Atluri S et al. Endometrial Cell-Type Specific Regulation of the Endocannabinoids System and the Impact of Menstrual Cycle and Endometriosis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2025;10(4):512-526. PMID 39286880 · doi:10.1089/can.2024.0081 Human tissue
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- Scotchie JG, Savaris RF, Martin CE, Young SL. Endocannabinoid regulation in human endometrium across the menstrual cycle. Reprod Sci. 2015;22(1):113-23. PMID 24819878 · doi:10.1177/1933719114533730 Human tissue
- Resuehr D, Glore DR, Taylor HS et al. Progesterone-dependent regulation of endometrial cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) expression is disrupted in women with endometriosis and in isolated stromal cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Fertil Steril. 2012;98(4):948-56.e1. PMID 22789143 · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.009 Human tissueCell / lab
- Shen X, Duan H, Wang S et al. Decreased Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium of Patients with Adenomyosis. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:5468954. PMID 30800671 · doi:10.1155/2019/5468954 Human tissue
- Pagano E, Orlando P, Finizio S et al. Role of the endocannabinoid system in the control of mouse myometrium contractility during the menstrual cycle. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017;124:83-93. PMID 27899300 · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.023 Animal
- Dmitrieva N, Nagabukuro H, Resuehr D et al. Endocannabinoid involvement in endometriosis. Pain. 2010;151(3):703-710. PMID 20833475 · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.037 Animal
- Sanchez AM, Cioffi R, Viganò P et al. Elevated Systemic Levels of Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2016;23(8):1071-9. PMID 26887427 · doi:10.1177/1933719116630414 Human tissue
- Shen X, Duan H, Wang S et al. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Myometrium and its Correlation With Dysmenorrhea in Adenomyosis. Reprod Sci. 2019;26(12):1618-1625. PMID 30832539 · doi:10.1177/1933719119833483 Human tissue
- Ayakannu T, Taylor AH, Marczylo TH, Konje JC. New Insights of Uterine Leiomyoma Pathogenesis: Endocannabinoid System. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2019;25:76-87. PMID 30842391 · doi:10.12659/MSMBR.914019 Human tissue
- Horne AW, Phillips JA, Kane N et al. CB1 expression is attenuated in Fallopian tube and decidua of women with ectopic pregnancy. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3969. PMID 19093002 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003969 Human tissueHuman · genetic study
- Gebeh AK, Willets JM, Marczylo EL et al. Ectopic pregnancy is associated with high anandamide levels and aberrant expression of FAAH and CB1 in fallopian tubes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2827-35. PMID 22701012 · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1780 Human tissue
- Schuel H, Burkman LJ, Lippes J et al. N-Acylethanolamines in human reproductive fluids. Chem Phys Lipids. 2002;121(1-2):211-27. PMID 12505702 · doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00158-5 Human tissueReview
- Wang H, Guo Y, Wang D et al. Aberrant cannabinoid signaling impairs oviductal transport of embryos. Nat Med. 2004;10(10):1074-80. Correction: Nat Med. 2004;10(12):1397. PMID 15378054 · doi:10.1038/nm1104 Animal
- Moudi B, Heidari Z, Asemi-Rad A et al. Cannabinoid receptor type-1 and its correlation with CB1 gene polymorphism-1359G/A in ectopic pregnancy compared to the control group. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47(4):1256-1264. PMID 33511667 · doi:10.1111/jog.14688 Human tissueHuman · genetic study
- Almada M, Amaral C, Oliveira A et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) but not tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dysregulate in vitro decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells by disruption of estrogen signaling. Reprod Toxicol. 2020;93:75-82. PMID 31953017 · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.01.003 Cell / lab
- Neradugomma NK, Drafton K, Mor GG, Mao Q. Marijuana-derived cannabinoids inhibit uterine endometrial stromal cell decidualization and compromise trophoblast-endometrium cross-talk. Reprod Toxicol. 2019;87:100-107. PMID 31154070 · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.064 Cell / lab
- Alves P, Amaral C, Fonseca BM et al. Effects of cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabidivarin, cannabigerol and cannabinol in endometrial cells: Implications for endocrine and senescence modulation. Reprod Toxicol. 2025;137:109006. PMID 40706771 · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109006 Cell / lab
- Kadhim L, Paquette-Jager S, Landry DA. Cannabinoid exposure does not alter estradiol biosynthesis in human KGN granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol. 2025;136:108978. PMID 40562223 · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108978 Cell / lab
- Human Protein Atlas v25: tissue RNA consensus data (rna_tissue_consensus.tsv, HPA and GTEx, nTPM), the 17 genes in the map's layer selector: CNR1, CNR2, TRPV1, GPR55, PPARG, HTR1A, TRPV2, NAPEPLD, FAAH, DAGLA, DAGLB, MGLL, ABHD6, ABHD12, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9; v25.proteinatlas.org/download/tsv/rna_tissue_consensus.tsv.zip, downloaded October 24, 2026. Uhlén M et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419. License CC BY 4.0. PMID 25613900 · doi:10.1126/science.1260419 Human tissue